IEEE Reference Style Guide
The below examples are taken from the , which features further examples for other types of resources. IEEE also publishes style manuals related to grammar, rendering mathematical equations, and other elements of formatting on its听.
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Overview
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IEEE is a numbered referencing style, where citations are provided as a bracketed number in the text (i.e. 鈥渁s demonstrated in [1]鈥), which corresponds to a numbered reference list at the end of the document. The reference list is therefore arranged in the order that works are cited in the text, not in alphabetical order. Only one reference is given per reference number. Repeated references to a publication carry the same reference number; a resource is only listed once in the reference list.
In the text, citations should be given simply as "in [1] ...," rather than as "in reference [1] ..." It is not necessary to mention either author names or publication dates in the text unless they are specifically relevant to the discussion. If you wish to refer to a resource with three or more authors in text, use the first author鈥檚 name, and then et al. in italics. If a specific page or figure needs to be highlighted, this can be done in-text, i.e., [5, pp. 4-6], or [10, Fig. 1].
The reference list should only include the references, with no commentary or introductory phrases such as 鈥淔or example, see.鈥 If necessary, such commentary should be included in the text or in a footnote on the same page as the citation.
Example
Text:
As demonstrated in [1]鈥 Other studies [2], [3] have found鈥μ
References:
[1] M. M. Chiampi and L. L. Zilberti, 鈥淚nduction of electric field in human bodies moving near MRI: An efficient BEM computational procedure,鈥 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 2787鈥2793, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315.
[2] G. Veruggio, 鈥淭he EURON roboethics roadmap,鈥 in Proc. Humanoids 鈥06: 6th IEEE-RAS Int. Conf. Humanoid Robots, 2006, pp. 612鈥617, doi: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.
[3] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 1986
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General rules
Author names
Where there are more than six authors of a publication, include only the first author鈥檚 name followed by 鈥et al.鈥
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Abbreviations
IEEE style requires abbreviation of publisher names, journal titles, and some other elements of references (see examples below). An abbreviation guide for common terms and publisher names can be found in their Reference Guide ().
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Books
Format
J. K. Author, 鈥淭itle of chapter in the book,鈥 in听Title of His Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. x鈥搙.
Example
B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 1986.
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Chapter in edited book
R. L. Myer, 鈥淧arametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,鈥 in听Nonlinear Optics, vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic, 1977, pp. 47鈥160.
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eBook
G. O. Young, 鈥淪ynthetic structure of industrial plastics,鈥 in Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15鈥64. [Online]. Available: http://www.bookref.com.
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Journals
Format
J. K. Author, 鈥淣ame of paper,鈥 Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. , Abbrev. Month, year, doi: x.
Example
M. M. Chiampi and L. L. Zilberti, 鈥淚nduction of electric field in human bodies moving near MRI: An efficient BEM computational procedure,鈥 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 2787鈥2793, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315.
For print journals, end reference after year.
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Online (no DOI)
Provide permalink or homepage URL of journal.
W. P. Risk, G. S. Kino, and H. J. Shaw, 鈥淔iber-optic frequency shifter using a surface acoustic wave incident at an oblique angle,鈥 Opt. Lett., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 115鈥117, Feb. 1986. [Online]. Available: http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-11-2-115
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Published online ahead of print
P. Kopyt et al., 鈥淓lectric properties of graphene-based conductive layers from DC up to terahertz range,鈥 IEEE THz Sci. Technol., to be published. doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2016.2544142.
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Articles from conference proceedings (published)
Format
J. K. Author, 鈥淭itle of paper,鈥 in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional鈥擟ity, State, Country), year, pp. x鈥 x, doi: x.
For print versions, end reference after page numbers.
Example
G. Veruggio, 鈥淭he EURON roboethics roadmap,鈥 in Proc. Humanoids 鈥06: 6th IEEE-RAS Int. Conf. Humanoid Robots, 2006, pp. 612鈥617, doi: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.
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Online (no DOI)
T. Schubert, 鈥淩eal challenges and solutions for validating system-on-chip high level formal verification of nextgeneration microprocessors,鈥 in Proc. 40th Design Automation Conf. (DAC鈥03),听Jun. 2鈥6, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/dac/2003/2394/00/2394001-abs.html
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Proceedings with editor
A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, 鈥淎nalysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,鈥 in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, Eds. Jul. 2006, pp. 4301鈥4304.
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Conference paper online (unpublished)
Format
J. K. Author. (Date). Title. Presented at Abbreviated Conf. title. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example
J. A. Taylor. (Nov. 2006). Assessment: A tool for development and engagement in the first year of university study. Presented at Engaging Students: 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education (FYHE) Conf., Griffith, Australia. [Online]. Available: http://www.fyhe.com.au/past_papers/2006/Papers/Taylor.pdf
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Standards and patents
Format
Title of Standard, Standard number, date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Include online availability if applicable.
J. K. Author, 鈥淭itle of patent,鈥 Country Patent x, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
Examples
IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
J. P. Wilkinson, 鈥淣onlinear resonant circuit devices,鈥 U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul. 16, 1990.
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Reports
Format
J. K. Author, 鈥淭itle of report,鈥 Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. x, year.
Example
P. Diament, S. L. Richert, and W. L. Lupatkin, 鈥淰-line surface-wave radiation and scanning,鈥 Dept. Elect. Eng., Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA, Sci. Rep. 85, Aug. 1991.
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Website
Format
First Name Initial(s) Last Name. 鈥淧age Title.鈥 Website Title. Web Address (retrieved Date Accessed).
For websites without formal titles provide descriptive phrases instead of page or website titles.
Example
J. Smith. 鈥淥bama inaugurated as President.鈥 CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html (accessed Feb. 1, 2009).
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Social Media
The IEEE style doesn鈥檛 provide clear instructions for social media posts. If you need to cite social media posts in your coursework, you can use the below style:
Format
J. K. Author [@username], Full Tweet or 鈥淭itle of post,鈥 Title of Website, Abbrev. Month Day, Year. Available: URL (/accessed: Abbrev. Month Day, Year).
Example
M. H. K. Choi [@choitotheworld], Can someone fix bacon packaging this has gone on long enough, Twitter, Apr 16, 2020. Available: (accessed: Aug 5, 2020).
